July 25 in A.A. History

1943: American Weekly published the third installment of a three-part series by Genevieve Parkhurst [left], titled “ALCOHOLISM—Laymen Join Science to Cure It.” The first two pages [right] spanned approximately 5 ft2: 32" × 22" [~½ m2: 81 × 56 cm]. The article continued across several additional pages and generated roughly 1,100 inquiries to the Alcoholic Foundation office in New York City.

1947: The U.S. House of Representatives District Committee published a conference report titled “Rehabilitation of chronic alcoholics in District of Columbia” to accompany H.R. 2659 (an “act to establish program for rehabilitation of alcoholics, promote temperance, and provide for medical and scientific treatment of persons found to be alcoholics by courts of District of Columbia, and for other purposes”). The bill was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on 4 August. During the hearings on this bill, Julius S., a member of the Cosmopolitan Group in Washington, D.C., had testified.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1944: The first New Jersey-based Intergroup was established in a modest space on the second floor of the Alanon Club [right, 1940s], at the corner of 7th Street and 7th Avenue in Roseville, New Jersey (formerly the Roseville Athletic Club). The office was sparsely furnished with a desk, a few chairs, and a telephone. Prior to this, New Jersey groups had been operating from the A.A. Clubhouse at 334½ W. 24th Street in Manhattan.

Henry “Hank” T. Tesch became the first full-time paid secretary of the New Jersey Intergroup office, serving from 1946 to 1949 [left: minutes of the special meeting at which Hank was elected]. The Intergroup requested a monthly contribution from groups of 50¢ per member, in line with the unwritten tradition of self-support among A.A. groups at that time. Despite some groups having thirty or more members, Intergroup typically received only $5–10 [~$95–190 in 2026] a month from each group. This amount was barely enough to keep the office running, but it set the important precedent that New Jersey A.A. groups would support their Intergroup office.

1944: [Late] The Manhattan Group relocated to what had been Knox Memorial Chapel [right] at 405 W. 41st St., where A.A. members converted the space into a clubhouse named the Cosmopolitan Club.

1945: The first permanent A.A. group in Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1941, held its first public meeting, which drew a large crowd.

1945: Theresa “Teddy” R., a recovering alcoholic, learned about the nineteen-bed alcoholic ward on the third floor of Knickerbocker Hospital [left] and felt a strong calling to work there. She persistently contacted the supervising nurse for three months until she secured the job. Dr. William D. Silkworth [right], in charge of the unit, praised Teddy as a “red-headed powerhouse.” From 1945 onwards, Teddy treated over 5,000 alcoholics, while Silkworth cared for approximately 7,000 patients, before his death from a heart attack at his Manhattan residence in 1951.

July 24 in A.A. History

1969: Bill W. [near right, 1966], the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, and Marty M. [right center, 1964], the founder of the National Council on Alcoholism, testified before the United States Senate Special Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotic. This subcommittee, part of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, was chaired by Senator Harold E. Hughes [far right, c. 1969-1975], who was himself an alcoholic. All three were known for publicly breaking their anonymity.

Today in A.A. History—July 24–26

1992: A “Freedom in Sobriety” event, themed “Living in the Answer”—a reference from the Big Book—took place at the Best Western Executive Inn in Tacoma/Fife, Washington [left: Emerald Queen Hotel & Casino in Fife, formerly the Best Western Executive Inn].

A.A. History—year, month & day unknown

≥1942: The Charleston Group of Alcoholics Anonymous in West Virginia planned to establish what Bill W. termed an “all-purpose” foundation, envisioning a comprehensive center that would include a club, hospital, rehabilitation facility, and research center. They sought Bill’s opinion directly through the Alcoholic Foundation Office in New York City. Bill responded by sharing his experience, cautioning that most similar undertakings had not succeeded. Despite his advice, the group decided to proceed with their plans.

Soon after, the Alcoholic Foundation began receiving troubling correspondence from West Virginia regarding the local foundation’s progress. One of the alcoholics who had conceived the idea for the foundation sent cards in small envelopes to groups nationwide. Each card bore the inscription “Charleston AA Group Rule #62,” implying 61 preceding rules. Inside, he had written, “Don’t take yourself so damn seriously!”

Late 1943–early 1944:  Lois W. visited Little Rock, Arkansas, as part of a nationwide tour with her husband, Bill. Regarding a public meeting there, Lois later quipped:

The Little Rock, Arkansas group was so anonymous that the leader, Bud G., spoke from behind a curtain to the audience of 1,200. But Bill spoke from the open platform.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1943: The first Alcoholics Anonymous group in Arlington, Virginia, was established in North Arlington, likely by Bill A. This group became the mother group for others in the region. Bill A. also collaborated with Fitz M. and Hardin C. to launch A.A. in Washington, D.C.

1944: Jack W., along with five other members, founded the first permanent A.A. group in Richmond, Virginia. He reported that 20 regular members were meeting at the William Byrd Hotel [right].

1944: [Summer?] Bill W. delivered a talk titled “The Fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous” at the Yale School of Alcohol Studies. The talk was followed by a Q&A session, which concluded with the following exchange:

Q: If an alcoholic comes to an A.A. meeting under the influence of alcohol, how do you treat him or handle him during the meeting itself?

A: Groups will run usually run amuck [sic] on that sort of question. At first we are likely to say that we’re going to be supermen and save every drunk in town. The fact is that a great many of them just don’t want to stop. They come, but they interfere very greatly with the meeting. Then, being still rather intolerant, the group will swing way over in the other direction and say, “No drunks around these meetings.” We get forcible with them and put them out of the meeting, saying, “You’re welcome here if your [sic] sober.” But the general rule in most places is that if a person comes for the first or second time and can sit quietly in the meeting, without creating an uproar, nobody bothers him. On the other hand, if he’s a chronic “slipper” and interferes with the meetings, we lead him out gently, or maybe not so gently, on the theory that one man cannot be permitted to hold up the recovery of others. The theory is “the greatest good for the greatest number.”

July 23 in A.A. History

1940: The Philadelphia Group of A.A. set a precedent for the 7th Tradition by contributing 10% of their funds to the Alcoholic Foundation.

1943: Clarence S. and four other members of Alcoholics Anonymous 12th-stepped Esther C. into sobriety while she was hospitalized in Cleveland, Ohio, just two months after her 34th birthday. She became known for riding her “Little Indian Scout” motorcycle [right: Esther on her bike] from Cleveland to meetings in Akron, Ohio. 

Sixty-some years later, when informed that someone from California was coming to ask her about A.A. history and the Big Book, Esther quipped, “What’s the matter with him, doesn’t he have a Big Book?”

1946: Bill W. wrote a note [far left] to Ricardo “Dick” P. [near left] to thank him for translating Alcoholics Anonymous into Spanish. It read:

Dick, an A.A. member since 1940, had worked for three years with his wife, Helen, on this translation.

1985: Loran D. Archer [left], Senior Policy Advisor on Alcoholism and Other Health Issues at the Drug Abuse Policy Office during President Ronald Reagan’s administration, wrote to Mr. Hal M., an A.A. member in Arlington, Virginia. He enclosed 12 copies of the President’s message to A.A.’s 50th International Convention. He also noted his pleasure with the “resounding ovation” received when Bob P. read this message to the Convention. Unfortunately, whatever response the President's message might stimulate, it wouldn't be known for at least 11 days; the letter [right] was dated 24 June; the Convention would be held 5–7 July in Montreal, Quebec.

Today in A.A. History—July 23–25

1976: The 19th International Conference of Young People in Alcoholics Anonymous (ICYPAA) took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [left: letter from U.S. V.P. Nelson Rockefeller; right: Conference SWAG].

July 22 in A.A. History

1873: William Duncan Silkworth [left, 1908] was born in Brooklyn, New York, the oldest of seven children born to Isabelle Duncan and William Silkworth Sr.

1917: Junius C., Jr. [right, as a midshipman] of Pike, Mississippi, was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy. He would later become one of the co-founders of Alcoholics Anonymous in Jacksonville, Florida.

1980: Margaret “Marty” M. [left], 75, died at St. Vincent’s Medical Center in Bridgeport, Connecticut, following a stroke. Her final public appearance was earlier in the month at A.A.’s 7th International Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana, where she was a featured speaker.

She had been briefly married in her twenties but identified as a lesbian for the remainder of her life. She used her maiden name and the title “Mrs.” to protect her privacy. Marty had a distinguished career as a magazine editor, art critic, and photojournalist, contributing to prominent publications such as Vogue, Harper’s, and Tatler [right, respectively]. However, alcoholism ultimately left her unemployable. 

Marty began attending Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) meetings on 11 April 1939, at the home of Bill and Lois W., the day after the publication of the book Alcoholics Anonymous. This made her one of the earliest women involved in the Fellowship. She developed a close friendship with Bill W. and was in a 40-year romantic relationship with fellow alcoholic Priscilla P. [right: together at Fire Island, 1948]. Peck served as an Art Editor at Vogue for 25 years. Together, they owned a home in Greenwich Village, a vacation property at Cherry Grove on Fire Island, and later in life, a residence in Connecticut.

Marty authored at least three books: Primer on Alcoholism, Marty Mann’s New Primer on Alcoholism, and Marty Mann Answers Your Questions about Drinking and Alcoholism [left, respectively], as well as numerous articles for various publications. She played a pivotal role in founding High Watch Farm, the world’s first recovery center based on A.A. principles, and established the National Council for Education on Alcoholism (NCEA^*).

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^*The NCEA evolved into the National Council on Alcoholism (NCA) in 1950 and later became the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) in 1990; in 2019, NCADD merged with the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids to form the Partnership to End Addiction.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1942: The first New York City Central Committee was established to respond to inquiries from prospects. Based at the A.A. Clubhouse at 334½ West 24th St. in Manhattan, the committee hired two secretaries to answer letters and phone calls. At this time, New Jersey groups also used this Clubhouse as their headquarters.

1942: [Year-end] In New Orleans, Louisiana, Steve C. had gotten sober and was seeking to help others struggling with alcoholism.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1940: [Second half] Three well-off members of Alcoholics Anonymous from the Washington, D.C. area—Bill A., Bill E., and Hardin C.—purchased 30 shares of Works Publishing, Inc. Preferred Stock [right: non-preferred Works Publishing stock certificate], with a par value $100 [~$2,400 in 2026], a total of $3,000 [~$71,600 in 2025].

1941: After Kathleen [far left] divorced him, Hank P. [near left] married Caroline Wright, sister of Dorothy Wright S., Clarence’s wife.

1941: Dr. Bob S. [right] wrote to the Alcoholic Foundation trustees, stating that he considered the idea of royalties “unwise” and that the book should be “the property of the foundation 100 percent.”

1941: After the first Alcoholics Anonymous group in Richmond, Virginia disbanded—Bill W. noted its members “believed in getting away from their wives and drinking only beer”—Jack W. started a new, more traditional Richmond group with five members.

1941: NBC launched a 13-part syndicated radio program titled “Is Alcohol a Problem in Your Home?” Broadcast nationwide, the idea of using the radio to inform the public soon inspired local A.A. groups to utilize radio in their own outreach efforts to spread the word about Alcoholics Anonymous.

1941: Detroit, Michigan's first “Central Office” was located in the home of Sarah Klein [left], a non-alcoholic with a telephone. She would receive calls for help and dispatch local A.A. members on 12th-Step calls.

1942: Bill W. and Dr. Bob S., the co-founders of Alcoholics Anonymous, faced accusations of excessively profiting from the sales of the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous.

Rumors circulated in Cleveland, Ohio, that the Alcoholic Foundation office and the Big Book operated as a “racket,” primarily generating royalties from book sales. Clarence S. [right, 1942] claimed he was unaware that either Bill or Dr. Bob was receiving royalties until…

I met Bill at the depot when he came in for the shindig [Doc Smith Day in March 1941]. He told me then. I was stunned. I thought it was a labor of love—no one was supposed to get any royalties. But Bill didn’t make any bones about it. People in New York [City] knew, and he assumed that Dr. Bob would tell them in Akron. Bill was willing to tell them in Cleveland—about himself, but not about Dr. Bob. He would admit anything. I told him, “Not right now, that I would work it out.”

In hindsight, it might have been better if Bill had immediately discussed the royalty issue with the Cleveland members. Despite Clarence’s assurances that he would squelch the rumors, they persisted.
To confront the problem directly, some Cleveland A.A. members organized a dinner where Dr. Bob and Bill were invited to speak. After a sparsely attended dinner, the two “guests of honor” were asked to meet privately with the chairpersons or secretaries of all local groups, an attorney, and a CPA. The dinner organizers voiced concerns that Bill and Bob were profiting significantly from the book, alleging they had shared $64,000 [~$1.46 million in 2026] in 1941. In reality, Bill earned $25 [~$550 in 2026] weekly from Works Publishing sales, and both he and Dr. Bob received $30 [~$684 in 2026] weekly from contributions by wealthy non-A.A. supporters. Records indicate Dr. Bob received a total of $1,000 [~$22,800 in 2026] in 1941; even the weekly $30 was not consistently paid.

Bill “just happened” to have brought a certified audit of all A.A. financial affairs from its inception. The investigating committee’s CPA read and confirmed the statement’s accuracy. Bill and Dr. Bob received apologies from those present. The group officers vowed to quash the rumors, but they never fully disappeared, and talk of this as a “racket” persisted for years.

July 20 in A.A. History

1898:	Q.	What did the future Dr. Bob S. [far right, c. 1904] do between his graduation from St. Johnsbury Academy on 24 Jun 1898, and his enrollment at Dartmouth College on 15 September 1898?
	A.	He worked in the shipping department of E. and T. Fairbanks & Co. at the scale works in St. Johnsbury, Vermont [near right: clippings from the St Johnsbury Republican (top), The St Johnsbury Caledonian (bottom) on 20 July 1898].

1918: During the Great War (WW I), Bill W., en route to Europe aboard the H.M.T. Lancashire, had his first taste of brandy.

1935: In a circular letter, Lois W. [left: graduation, 1912] wrote to three of her oldest friends from Packer Collegiate Institute [right, 1910]: Elise Valentine Shaw,¹ Edith Roberts,² and Helen Cruden,³ to share that…

…Bill has stopped drinking thru the Oxford Group… Last December Ebby Thatcher [sic] appeared sober for the first time in years and with a very strange story to tell about a religion called the Oxford Group which had cured him just as he was about to be committed to an insane asylum.

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¹Helen Elise Valentine (1890–1976) married Frank Stinson Shaw in 1916. They had three daughters and lived first in Brooklyn, then in Fairfield, Connecticut. Frank was a stockbroker who had worked closely with Lois’s husband Bill in the 1920s while Bill and Lois were investigating companies looking for under-valued stocks.

²Dr. Edith Adelaide Roberts [right] (1881–1977) became an American botanist who studied plant physiology and was a pioneer in plant ecology. She created the first ecological laboratory in the United States, promoted natural landscaping along with Elsa Rehmann, and proved that plants were the main source of vitamin A [from her Wikipedia page].

³Helen Cruden (1892–1992) appears to have married Frederick William Gerhard in 1920. If so, they had three children and lived mostly in or near Washington D.C.

1970: At 26, Tom L. [left] attended his first A.A. meeting in India, a moment that would forever change his life through the Twelve Steps and a newfound relationship with his higher power. By the late 1960s, alcoholism had stripped him of his job, family, and friends, leaving him homeless on the streets of Mumbai. In 1975, he moved to Abu Dhabi to work as a laborer. Two years after that, in a small room in Deira, he would start the first A.A. meeting in the United Arab Emirates.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1940: [Likely between May–December] A manuscript and a pamphlet [right: cover] detailing the “Little Rock Plan” were published, probably by the Central Group in Little Rock, Arkansas. These materials outlined a structured approach for new prospects, covering “Initial Contact,” “First Interview,” “After the First Interview,” and “Assignments” for those accepted into the program.
The nine assignments, paraphrased or quoted below, were:

1. Make amends, including a repayment plan, to all local creditors.
2. Do the same for all out-of-town creditors.
3. Make amends to all former employers from “the time of his abnormal drinking.”
4. Make a list of all others against whom the prospect harbors resentment or dislike, or to whom an apology is owed.
5. Make a list of old friends—not drinking acquaintances—with whom he has lost touch but with whom he would still like to be friends; contact at least one every each day.
6. Discuss progress, troubles, and other topics with different group members for a few minutes each day.
7. Attend six daily lectures in the following order: “There is a Solution,” “More About Alcoholism,” “How It Works,” “Into Action,” “Working with Others,” and “A Vision for You.”
8. After completing the above, ensure full amends have been made to the prospect’s wife, and begin daily heart-to-heart conversations with her about his progress so she understands the program he is following.
9. “Select some minister, priest, rabbi, and or practitioner and go to him for... the purpose of a ‘confession.’”

Upon completing these tasks, the prospect could be presented to “the Committee” for approval. The Committee “may make any suggestions it deems necessary and may make some additional assignments” or, more commonly, authorize a vote on the prospect’s admission at its next meeting. “With admittance, the prospect is a Junior Member until he has attended twelve consecutive weekly meetings of the group, then he is a full member.”

July 19 in A.A. History

1939: The Medical Record: A Weekly Journal of Medicine and Surgery published [right: cover] “Psychological Rehabilitation of Alcoholics” by Dr. William D. Silkworth [left]. This paper included nine of the twenty-eight paragraphs from the second part of “The Doctor’s Opinion” in Alcoholics Anonymous. Silkworth also added passages describing, in his own words, aspects of the stories of Bill W. and two of his earliest successes: Hank P., and Fitz M.

A.A. History—month & day unknown

1940: Bill W. wrote a personal letter, likely reflecting on his first five months of sobriety, to an unidentified recipient.

At first, the remedy for my personal difficulties seemed so obvious that I could not imagine any alcoholic turning the proposition down were it properly presented to him. Believing so firmly that Christ can do anything, I had the unconscious conceit to suppose that He would do everything through me—right then and in the manner I chose. After six long months, I had to admit that not a soul had surely laid hold of the Master—not excepting myself.

1940: [Fall] Clarence S. [left] and other A.A. members organized “Doc S―― Day” in Cleveland, Ohio. The event featured an afternoon of talks and fellowship, followed by dinner. It was scheduled for March 1941 in Cleveland, Ohio, with tickets priced at $1.35 [~$32 in 2026], which led to some complaints about affordability.

In a letter inviting Bill W. [right, 1942] to attend, Clarence also mentioned that he was...

… quite apprehensive about Doc’s condition. He is not at all well and should be taking things easy. In his position, it is quite difficult. So many people… continue to put pressure on him.

A.A. History—year, month & day unknown

1940s: [Early] James “Jim” S. [left] operated the Middlebury Book Shop in Akron, Ohio, and was a member of the Summit County War Finance Committee during World War II.

1940s: [Early] The first Alcoholics Anonymous Club in Detroit was established on Milwaukee Avenue, one block from the General Motors Building [right, 1920].  Many members would stop by for lunch or after work to socialize and discuss A.A.

The club was started by Miles W. and Bill B. (who was still sober as of 1998).

1940s: By the time Alcoholics Anonymous, often called the Big Book, was published in 1939, A.A. had already undergone a significant transformation. While a notable segment of the movement, particularly in the Akron-Cleveland area, still maintained ties to the Oxford Group (OG) at the time of the book’s release, A.A. literature from the subsequent decade made no reference to OG-related books or practices. Recommendations for works by prominent OG members were absent, signaling a clear fading of the connection. Instead, during this decade, a substantial group within the A.A. fellowship became deeply committed to Emmet Fox [left, 1930s–40s] and New Thought spirituality, actively encouraging newcomers to explore New Thought literature.

1940s: The English version of the French prayer “Belle prière à faire pendant la messe” (A Beautiful Prayer to Say During Mass) gained widespread popularity during and immediately after World War II, particularly through the works of Francis Cardinal Spellman [right, 1946]. Its inclusive language resonated with many faiths that promote service to others. A French Franciscan priest titled it “Prière pour la paix” (Prayer for Peace) when he published it on the back of a picture of St. Francis, without crediting any author. The prayer had first been published in December 1912 in Paris, France, in the magazine La Clochette (The Little Bell) and eventually evolved into what we now recognize as “The Prayer of St. Francis.”