March 16 in A.A. History

In 1940, the Alcoholic Foundation^* relocated from 17 Williams St. in Newark, New Jersey, to a two-room office at 30 Vesey St.^† [right, c. 1940] in lower Manhattan, New York City. Most of the draft-lined yellow pages and draft manuscripts of the Big Book were discarded before the move, including the first draft of the Twelve Steps, a huge loss for the A.A. Archives.

     Rent was $650 a year [~$14,750 in 2025]. The recently hired Lorraine Greim, Ruth Hock’s non-alcoholic assistant, received a raise from $12 [~$272 in 2025] a week to $15 [~$340 in 2025], because she had expected to work in Newark when she was hired. Bill Wilson affectionately referred to her as “Sweetie Pie.”

---

^*Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age dates this move—incorrectly—to February 1940.
^†On 11 September 2001, 30 Vesey Street was nearly destroyed when the World Trade Center buildings collapsed.

In 1940, Ruth Hock [left] became the first National Secretary of the Alcoholic Foundation, effectively making her the first National Secretary of Alcoholics Anonymous.

In 1975, the first 12-step meeting conducted in Japanese took place at the Kamata Catholic Church [right] near Haneda Airport in Tokyo, in the district of Ōta. This event marked the beginning of Alcoholics Anonymous in Japan and initiated the practice of the Twelve Steps, the foundation of the A.A. recovery program. Following this, A.A. events were held throughout Japan. 

In 2000, Nancy O. [left] founded AA History Buffs on egroups.com. After at least 444 posts to the group, she somehow lost the password and subsequently moved the group to Yahoo Groups.

March 15 in A.A. History

In 1941, the first A.A. group in Connecticut was established in New Haven, which led to the formation of additional groups in surrounding towns. Alex P., a Westport resident who attended the New Haven group, managed inquiries in his area. Soon, a group was started in Westport. In October, New Haven sent a team to Bridgeport to establish a group there. Soon, a group was started in Westport.

March 14 in A.A. History

In 1906, Sylvia B. [right, 1923] was born in Washington, DC. She would marry and later divorce Philip K. Despite the divorce, she would continue to use his last name and, as Sylvia K., become the first woman in Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) to achieve “permanent” long-term sobriety, which would begin on 13 September 1939, in Chicago, Illinois. Her story, titled “Keys to the Kingdom,” is in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th editions of the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous.

In 1942, the New Jersey Group of Alcoholics Anonymous held an anniversary dinner at the Hotel Suburban [left], located at 141 S. Harrison St. in South Orange, New Jersey, with Bill W. as the featured speaker. Tickets were priced at $2.50 [$49 in 2025 dollars].

In 1949, Dr. Bob S., knowing he was dying of cancer, wrote to Bill W. [far right] concerning the General Service Conference idea,

    Have been feeling quite painfully ill… Do not have the feeling that this [conference] is a particularly guided thing to do now. Maybe I am wrong, but that is the way I feel. Why don’t you see if can get the boys to put across this committee and let it go at that.

March 13 in A.A. History

In 1887, James “Jim” R. was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Mary Fisher and Joseph R. He was the first son and the third of eight children. He would get sober on 7 June 1933, more than 18 months before Bill W., and would co-found Alcoholics Anonymous in Baltimore in June 1940.

In 1895, Henry “Hank” P. [right: as a young man] was born in Marion, Iowa, to Mary Giffen and Daniel P., a family that had lived in the area for several generations. He was the second of three children and the first son.
    In November 1935, Hank would become the first person in New York City to achieve sobriety with the help of Bill W. He is considered by many to be the “forgotten” co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, particularly for his role in writing and publishing the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous. His story in the first edition of that book was titled “The Unbeliever.”

March 12 in A.A. History

In 1992, Dr. C. Nelson Davis [right: from his obituary], 88, died at his home in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He and Dr. C. Dudley Saul had been early supporters of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) and had traveled together to lecture on its behalf after recognizing the benefits of a 12-step program for recovering alcoholics.

    In 1946, Dr. Saul had helped establish the 4021 Clubhouse at 4021 Walnut Street [left] in Philadelphia, one of the first A.A. clubhouses. That same year, they had opened the C. Dudley Saul Clinic in Philadelphia, where Dr. Davis served as Physician-in-Charge. This clinic was the first private treatment center for alcoholism in the United States and is now known as the Malvern Institute.

March 11 in A.A. History

In 1891, James McCready “Mac” H. was born to Joseph Andrew H., a dentist, and Elizabeth Fishburn H. in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles [~50 km] south of Pittsburgh. In March 1940, he would help found Alcoholics Anonymous in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In 1851, American Weekly published “Dr. Bob: His Only Monument Is a Plaque, but the Thousands He Helped Rescue From Alcoholism Will Never Forget Him” [right: article and accompanying image] a memorial tribute by Booton Herndon.

In 2020, The Cochran Collaborative published “Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12‐step programs for alcohol use disorder” [left: cover] by John F. Kelly, Keith Humphreys and Marica Ferri. Their research was intended to

    … evaluate whether peer‐led AA and professionally‐delivered treatments that facilitate AA involvement (Twelve‐Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions) achieve important outcomes, specifically: abstinence, reduced drinking intensity, reduced alcohol‐related consequences, alcohol addiction severity, and healthcare cost offsets.

They looked for existing studies and included

    … randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi‐RCTs and non‐randomized studies that compared AA or TSF (AA/TSF) with other interventions, such as motivational enhancement therapy (MET) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), TSF treatment variants, or no treatment. We also included healthcare cost offset studies. Participants were non‐coerced adults with AUD [alcohol use disorder].

They concluded:

There is high quality evidence that manualized AA/TSF interventions are more effective than other established treatments, such as CBT, for increasing abstinence. Non‐manualized AA/TSF may perform as well as these other established treatments. AA/TSF interventions, both manualized^* and non‐manualized, may be at least as effective as other treatments for other alcohol‐related outcomes. AA/TSF probably produces substantial healthcare cost savings among people with alcohol use disorder.

One anonymous writer on Substack titled a post that referred to this study as “Guess What? AA Works.”

---

^*Manualized here means “refers to interventions that follow a standardized, structured approach. Specifically, [such interventions]:
    1.    Follow a session-to-session outline
    2.    Offer treatment based on standardized content
    3.    Deliver content in a linear or modular fashion
    4.    Ensure the same treatment is delivered across time and different sites”

March 10 in A.A. History

In 1886, Frank S. Shaw, a descendant of Mayflower passengers, was born in Bath, Maine, to William and Jane Stinson Shaw. He would join the Wall Street firm J. K. Rice, Jr. & Co. in 1914 and eventually become a partner. Shaw would remain with the firm until two years before his death in 1959, when he retired for health reasons. He would become a good friend of Bill W. and an early supporter of Bill’s stock market theories. Shaw would marry Elise Valentine, a close childhood friend of Lois W.

In 1916, the day after Pancho Villa [near left] raided Columbus, New Mexico, and the U.S. Army post at Camp Furlong, killing 10 civilians and 8 soldiers, President Woodrow Wilson [center left] ordered an armed force under Brigadier General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing [far left] to Mexico for a “punitive expedition” aimed at capturing Villa and preventing further raids.
    As a result, the sophomore class at Norwich University, including Bill W.—all of whom had been expelled following a hazing incident in February—was readmitted and mobilized in June.

In 1939, Hank P. returned home to his wife, Kathleen, at 344 N. Fullerton Ave. [right] in Montclair, New Jersey, after staying at Bill and Lois W.’s house at 182 Clinton St. in Brooklyn during a 10-week separation.

March 9 in A.A. History

In 1953, Works Publishing, Inc. was renamed Alcoholics Anonymous Publishing, Inc. [below: paperwork involved with name change].

 

March 8 in A.A. History

In 1862, Governor Horatio Seymour of New York pardoned Jeremiah “Jerry” McAuley [left], who was released from Sing Sing Prison. The 26-year-old intended to connect with Christians, but he found their “wavering, unstable, half-and-half faith staggered me.” The lessons he learned during this period significantly influenced his approach when he later founded the first rescue mission in North America.

In 1944, The Christian Century published “The Church and the Alcoholic,” an article by Rev. Alson Jesse Smith^*. In it, he likened Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) to a call made by Sebastian Franck^† in his 1531 book, Von dem greulichen Laster der Trunkenheit (The Horrible Vice of Drunkenness) [right]:

It [drinking or drunkenness] is too deeply rooted and sin has become a habit. All would have to be reborn and receive new heads. Yes, a new world would have to come.

    Smith argued that A.A. offers such “new heads.” Until now, Von dem greulichen Laster der Trunkenheit had been an obscure work on the topic of drunkenness.

---

* Alson Smith [right, 1936] (12 Aug 1909–17 May 1965) was a liberal independent scholar, a Methodist Episcopal minister, and a freelance journalist who consistently reported on the far right beginning in the 1930s.

† Sebastian Franck [left] (20 Jan 1499–c. 1543) was a 16th-century German freethinker, humanist, and radical reformer. Despite being an ordained priest, he combined the humanist’s passion for freedom with the mystic’s devotion to the religion of the spirit, and came to believe that God communicates with individuals through a portion of the divine remaining in each human being. He dismissed the human institution of the church and claimed that theology could not properly claim to give expression to this inner word of God in the heart of the believer. For example, he wrote, “To substitute Scripture for the self-revealing Spirit is to put the dead letter in the place of the living Word…” and “God is an unutterable sigh, lying in the depths of the heart,” which Ludwig Feuerbach called “the most remarkable, the profoundest, truest expression of Christian Mysticism.”

March 7 in A.A. History

In 1940, the first meeting of the Philadelphia Group of A.A. was held at the home George “Bud” S. [right: Bud’s high school yearbook photo], located at 1212 Arrott^* Street in Northeast Philadelphia. Bill and Lois W., and 15 others, attended this open meeting.

---

^* While all sources mention Arnott Street, no such street exists in Philadelphia. The closest street name is Arrott, which is ¾ mile (1.2 km) long, running between the 4600 and 4700 blocks from Frankford Avenue northwest to Adams Avenue in Northeast Philadelphia. The 1940 Census records confirm that 1212 Arrott Street was the residence of George and Laura S.

In 1941, a Boston newspaper reported that anyone struggling with alcoholism was more than welcome to attend the weekly A.A. meeting at the Jacoby Club, located at 115 Newbury St., every Wednesday at 8 PM. Boston’s first A.A. meeting had taken place two nights earlier at the same location. 

In 1941, Ruth Hock, National Secretary for the Alcoholic Foundation in New York City, responded to a letter from Dale A. [left] written four days earlier, advising him to connect with Dave W., also from Seattle, with whom Ruth had been corresponding for nearly a year. She suggested they start an A.A. group in Seattle, which Dave would soon do, although without Dale and with two other men. Dale would attend his first A.A. meeting in July and, shortly thereafter, establish a meeting in his home, eventually being recognized by many as the founding father figure of Seattle A.A.

In 2002, Clinton “Duke” P., 98, died in Jacksonville, Florida. He had been a pioneering member in Akron, Ohio, and had played a key role in establishing A.A. in Toledo, Ohio.

March 6 in A.A. History

In 1940, the Alcoholic Foundation in New York City responded to Margaret D. of Seattle, Washington, who had written to them about her husband on February 11, nearly a month earlier. She would later play a role—though details are scarce—in the establishment of Seattle’s first A.A. group.

In 1942, Bill W. [left] wrote to the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army requesting a commission “as a procurement or quartermaster officer, or to engage in some form of intelligence or morale work.” He noted that he had “served in the World War [I] as an artillery officer” and, from 1920 to 1924, worked in “the insurance department of The New York Central Railroad” and at “The U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co.… as a criminal investigator.” He described his work as an independent field investigator “of large industrial companies” from 1925 to 1930, detailing the skills and knowledge required for the job, and stating that his “income ranged from $5,000 to $20,000 [~$85,500–358,000 in 2025] annually.” Bill concluded his pre-A.A. period by noting, “From 1931 to 1934 my earning power was poor due to [the?] depression and other causes.”
    In 1934, he “took an interest in the cure of alcoholism which resulted in my becoming the founder of… Alcoholics Anonymous which has since made possible the recovery of some 5000 cases of alcoholism of the most acute kind.” He predicted that A.A. “will probably clear up some 5000 new cases during the current year.” He mentioned that A.A. was “nationally known through much newspaper and magazine publicity” and that A.A. “enjoys the highest medical standing as well.” The book he authored, Alcoholics Anonymous, “earns him about $7000 [~$135,500 in 2025] annually.” He also pointed out, “In addition, I have handled the public relations of [A.A.]…, have done a very large amount of personal work with individuals, and am an experienced public speaker.”
    Finally, he listed four business references—Frank Shaw, Dick Johnson (of Greenshields & Co.), Clayton Quaw (of Quaw & Foley?), and Rudolph Eberstadt—as well as two personal references—Williard Richardson and John Wood.

March 5 in A.A. History

In 1941, after reading Jack Alexander’s article about Alcoholics Anonymous in The Saturday Evening Post, Robert MacW. wrote a short note to the Alcoholic Foundation in New York City from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania saying,

    Am greatly impressed with the working of this group[.] And would appetite [sic] any information you may be able to furnish me as to whether there is such a group organized in Pittsburgh, their address, or the requirements of organizing such a group.

The Alcoholic Foundation would reply eight days later.

In 1941, Boston, Massachusetts’ first A.A. meeting was held at the Jacoby Club, 115 Newbury St. [right], in the office of Dr. Lawrence M. Hatlestad, non-alcoholic assistant secretary of the Club.
    He had written the Alcoholic Foundation office in June 1940 that he had read “your splendid book Alcoholics Anonymous” and declared “You have come upon something of real merit.” He pointed out that his club had similar goals and that some of the members were alcoholics and had quit drinking. He was anxious to contact A.A.s in Boston.
    After Jack Alexander’s article about A.A. in The Saturday Evening Post appeared, Ruth Hock prepared a list of 31 inquiries from the Boston area to be contacted. Paddy K., who had been in contact with Ruth and Bill W. as early as 1939, had been trying to start an A.A. meeting in Boston as early as 13 Nov 1940. When Ruth couldn’t locate Paddy, she sent the list to Dr. Hatlestad. Once Paddy re-emerged, something of a row took place, in part because the Jacoby Club accepted outside contributions.
    Bill would travel to Boston “to straighten things out,” which resulted in A.A. being banned from use of the Jacoby Club.

In 1941, in an article titled “Alcoholics on the Air,” Time magazine [left: cover and article] reported on Detroit radio broadcasts featuring A.A. members. It noted that the biweekly broadcasts on WWJ were

    … the first sustained air flight of the famed organization called “Alcoholics Anonymous”.… Detroit A.A.s give creditfor the broadcast project to 62-year-old William Edmund Scripps, big boss of the Detroit News and WWJ. He was so im­pressed by A.A.’s reformation of a drunkard friend that he decided to do what he could to boost the orga­nization’s Detroit membership (now nearly 400).

March 4 in A.A. History

In 1891, Lois Burnham was born to Dr. Clark and Matilda Spelman Burnham [right: all three] at 182 Clinton Street, in a spacious brownstone located in an affluent section of Brooklyn Heights, New York. At that time, Brooklyn was a separate city; it would become a borough of New York City in 1898.
    Lois was the eldest of six children, followed by Rogers, Barbara, Katherine (or Kitty), Lyman, and Matilda. Matilda, who was sickly after her difficult birth, died before her first birthday. Lois would struggle to understand why an innocent little baby had to die, and all her mother could say was that it was simply “God’s will.”
    Her father was a prominent physician, and a back room in the house served as his medical office. Her grandfather, Rev. Dr. Nathan Burnham, was a physician, lawyer, and minister in the Swedenborgian Church. Lois’s mother came from an old aristocratic family. The household employed a cook, a maid, and a man to tend to the fires, make repairs, and care for the horses and carriage.
    Every spring, the entire household followed Dr. Burnham’s patients to Vermont, living beside Dorset Pond (known now as Emerald Lake). As a youngster there, Lois was quite the tomboy. She loved fishing, swimming, sailing, climbing trees, catching frogs, and picking berries during long morning walks. It was at Emerald Lake that Bill Wilson and Lois first met, and where Bill began to woo her.

    The Burnhams’ summer cottage, which they called “the Camp” was near both Manchester and Manchester Center in Vermont, where many of Dr. Burham’s patients spent the summer. Robert Todd Lincoln, the son of Abraham Lincoln, and his family were social acquaintances of the Burnhams, spending their summers at Hildene, their estate in Manchester. Nearby Manchester Village represented “old” money. Dr. Burnham was a champion golfer and a founder, along with Lincoln, of the exclusive Ekwanok Country Club [left: Lincoln (3rd from left) playing at Ekwanok with William H. Taft (far left)] in Manchester, where he likely played with other notable figures such as former President William Howard Taft and Henry Ford.
    Lois’s father would ensure that all the children received the best education possible. Lois would begin her schooling with a new form of preschool education imported from Germany called “kindergarten.” She attended Friends School and Packer Collegiate (an all-girls school) for grades one through twelve, maturing into a brilliant and artistically talented woman. She would eventually become the wife of Bill Wilson and, along with her friend and neighbor Anne B., a co-founder of Al-Anon.

March 3 in A.A. History

In 1940, The Collegian, the “official publication of the student association of Daniel Baker College” in Brownwood, Texas, published an unsigned item, titled “Down With Demon Rum,” about Alcoholics Anonymous, that began

    If you've been troubled with pink elephants in the dormitories or your fraternity house, fret no more, gentle readers. Demon Rum is about to be catapulted from whence he came.
    ere in New York a group of sixty brave souls who once gazed with affection on the wine when it was red, have at long last come to know the villain for what he is. What is more, they have organized a club called Alcoholics Anonymous; and the other evening, they were dined, but not wined, by John D. Rockefeller, himself.

In 1941, Dale A. [left] from Seattle, Washington, read Jack Alexander’s article about Alcoholics Anonymous in the March 1 issue of The Saturday Evening Post and subsequently wrote to the Alcoholic Foundation in New York City. He is regarded by many as the founding father of Seattle A.A.

In 1947, Nell Wing [right, in 1945], fresh from a two-year tour in the Coast Guard, begins work at the Alcoholic Foundation, located at 415 Lexington Ave., New York City. She had stopped in New York on her way to Mexico, where she planned to pursue a career as a sculptress. Seeking a temporary job to earn a little travel money en route, she started as a typist, earning $32 a week [~$453 in 2025].
    She would remain at the Foundation for 36 years, serving as Bill Wilson’s secretary and later becoming A.A.’s first Archivist. Her relationship with Bill and Lois Wilson was more akin to that of a daughter than an employee.

In 1954, this month's issue of the LULAC (League of United Latin-American Citizens) News reported that

    Three members of the Montrose [Colorado] branch of Alcoholics Anonymous addressed the club [the Houston, Texas Jr. LULACs] on March 3, and gave an interesting explanation of the organization and function of A. A. The Juniors were very much impressed when they also spoke on the bad effects of abusive drinking especially among the youth of our nation. These speakers wound up their interesting talks with the answering of questions.

In 1963, approximately 350 people filled the Montreal Botanical Gardens Auditorium for the release of the new French edition of Alcoholics Anonymous (Les Alcooliques anonymes) [left: 3rd edition]. The first edition included eleven translated stories from the original English-language book; Appendix II, “Spiritual Experience;” eight stories from French-speaking members in stories from French-speaking members in Canada and Europe; the Twelve Traditions translated from Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions; and selected extracts from Alcoholics Anonymous Comes of Age.
    Joe C., one of the translators, presented a copy of the book to Eve M., a G.S.O. staff member, on behalf of A.A.’s only living co-founder, Bill W. The book was printed with financial support from A.A. World Services, Inc., and was also distributed in France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland.

March 2 in A.A. History

In 1941, a meeting was held in the office of the Cleveland Switchboard Co. to form a “Cuyahoga County A/A [sic] Committee.” The announcement card for the meeting stated:

    MOTION by B——, second by C—— - that a CLEARING HOUSE COMMITTEE be formed, and that it be composed of two (2) members from each and every A/A [sic] Group in Cuyahoga County. This Committee to have NO AUTHORITY to commit, involve or bind any one or all of the Groups in Cuyahoga County in any manner whatsoever without referring proposed ideas, plans or propositions to each individual Group for its acceptance or rejection.
    MOTION was carried.
    COMMITTEE MEMBERS: Kindly conform to this important rule.
                                        C[larence]. H. S——, Chairman [shown above right].

    Following the passage of this motion, another motion was made and passed to remove Clarence S. as Chairperson. Two days later, he wrote to Bill W., seeking help with this “revolution.” It appeared that the Cleveland members were still upset about the articles in the Cleveland Plain Dealer. Clarence wrote: 

    They wanted to know how much the Plain Dealer pd. me. Why I didn’t put it in the kitty. Where did I get the authority etc. etc. etc. Not one kind thing said in my behalf. This from persons I had picked out of the gutter & worked on & gave unceasingly & unselfishly of fellowship & whatever I could. Experience then, the resentment & hatred has been there. They have gone out of their way on numerous occasions to embarrass me.

    These disgruntled members voted Clarence out of office, just as they had previously voted him out of A.A. during the original split of the Cleveland Group. They elected Bill H. as chairperson and wanted nothing further to do with Clarence.

In 1979, at Nancy O.’s urging, former Senator Harold E. Hughes appeared as a witness before the Senate Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse—a committee he had once chaired. She wrote a book, With a Lot of Help from Our Friends, [left], about her work with Senator Hughes.

March 1 in A.A. History

In 1941, The Saturday Evening Post published Jack Alexander’s article, “Alcoholics Anonymous: Freed Slaves of Drink, Now They Free Others” [right and left: cover, selected pages], which created a national sensation. “Came then the deluge,” Bill W. wrote. Six thousand frantic appeals from alcoholics and their families flooded the Alcoholic Foundation office in New York City. Within a year, membership quadrupled from 2,000 to 8,000.

    Bill and Ruth Hock sifted through the mass of letters, laughing and crying in turn. It was clear they couldn’t handle the mail alone, and form letters wouldn’t suffice. Each letter required an understanding, personal reply. Anticipating a strong response, Lois W. had organized anyone who could type into squads and scheduled those who could not to answer phones.

    Even so, the response exceeded everyone’s wildest expectations. Within days, meeting attendance doubled, and within weeks, newcomers were being sent out on 12^th Step calls to other alcoholics. Ruth Hock and Margaret “Bobbie” B., along with Lois and her volunteers, worked day and night for five or six weeks to respond to all the mail.

    The magazine’s decision to feature A.A. would have been enough for editors across the country to find A.A. newsworthy, but the story went beyond mere reporting; it endorsed A.A.’s effectiveness. It is hard for us today to imagine the immense excitement this article generated among A.A. members.

Backstory: Jim B. [right] had just moved to Philadelphia and was trying to get a local bookstore to carry the Big Book. The bookstore’s manager was uninterested, but a woman named Helen Hammer overheard the conversation. She spoke up, sharing that she had sent the book to her alcoholic nephew in Los Angeles, who had sobered up instantly and remained sober for three months. However, the store manager remained unimpressed. When Mrs. Hammer learned of Jim’s attempt to start a group in Philadelphia, she introduced him to her husband, Dr. A. Weise Hammer.

    Dr. Hammer was a friend of Judge Curtis Bok^* [left, 1933], who had influence at The Saturday Evening Post. Dr. Hammer persuaded Bok to have The Post do a story on A.A. Bok urged the editors to assign Jack Alexander, an experienced, even cynical reporter, to write a feature story. Alexander was chosen because he had a reputation for being “hard-nosed.” He had just completed
a major story exposing the New Jersey rackets and prided himself on his cynicism.

---

^* President judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Bok is often described as the owner of The Saturday Evening Post. He was not. The magazine was actually owned by Cyrus Curtis, who had purchased it in 1897. Curtis had founded the Curtis Publishing Company and remained president from 1891 to 1922.
    The confusion might stem from the fact that Bok was related to the Curtis family. Curtis Bok was the son of Edward Bok, who was a previous editor of The Saturday Evening Post, and Mary Louise Curtis, the daughter of Cyrus Curtis. Thus, Bok was the nephew of the owner (and both went by the same name).

February 29 in A.A. History

In 1940, [some sources say 28 Feb, but all sources agree it was Thursday and Thursday was the 29^th] A.A. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, held its initial organizational meeting in the room of James McCready “Mac” H.^* [near right] at 2209 Delancey Place.
    A freelance writer, he was lodging at the home of Horace P. and Margaret C. Conard. Jimmy B. [above, center right], sober two years, had moved to Philadelphia from New York City on February 13. On the 17th, he had contacted Charles “Charlie” B., an Oxford Grouper whom he had met once at a New York meeting two years earlier. Deciding together that they wanted to establish an A.A. group in Philadelphia, they next had spoken with two fellow alcoholics from Charlie’s Oxford Group, William Edmund “Ed” P. and Richard Henry Bayard B., Jr., who were “all for it.”
    Meanwhile, the Alcoholic Foundation office in New York City had forwarded a letter of inquiry from one George I. “Bud” S., whom Jimmy and Mac had then contacted. A desperately sick alcoholic, George had sobered up on his own the year before after reading the article “Alcoholics and God” in Liberty magazine in late 1939; until now he had been considered a “loner.”
    Mac, Jimmy, Charlie, Ed, Bayard, and George and were at this first meeting; so was John Henry Fitzhugh “Fitz” M. [above, far right], visiting from New York City, making a total of seven. They decided to start an A.A. group in Philadelphia, and to hold the first meeting on the following Thursday at George’s house.

---

^* James McCready H. had a son, James H. McCready, Jr. [left]. He was a U.S. Navy pilot, born on October 22, 1923i n Pennsylvania. He joined the Navy in 1944 and was assigned to the escort carrier USS Natoma Bay. After completing his assignment, he was scheduled to rotate back to the U.S., but he volunteered for one more flight. On March 3, 1945, during a mission near Iwo Jima, Huston's Corsair fighter plane was hit by Japanese anti-aircraft fire. His plane crashed into the ocean, and he was killed in action.

    Fifty-three years later, on April 10, 1998, James Leininger [right] was born in San Francisco. At around 2½ years old, James began having recurring nightmares about being trapped in a burning plane that was crashing. His actions mimicked those of someone trying to escape, as if he were trapped in a box and kicking his way out. By age 3, James started drawing pictures of fighter jets and battles, signing them as “James 3,” even though he had not yet learned to write his name. He could also list the names of his “fellow pilots” and the name of the ship his jet took off from. He made many statements that seemed to match details of James H., Jr.'s life, just a few of which included:
    • being shot down in a plane near Iwo Jima,
    • being based on a ship named Natoma, and
    • having a friend named Jack Larsen.

James Leininger’s parents, Bruce and Andrea, were mystified by their son’s behavior and began investigating these claims. Eventually, they found numerous correlations with James H., Jr.'s life. They wrote a book titled Soul Survivor: The Reincarnation of a World War II Fighter Pilot about their family’s experiences.

February 28 in A.A. History

In 1937, ^*Dick S. [below, near right] regained consciousness in Akron City Hospital after a binge. He later learned that his younger brother Paul [below, middle right], who had been sober for nearly eight months, had given him 5½ ounces of paraldehyde—more than twice the dosage recommended by Dr. Bob [below, far right]. Dick would remain sober for the rest of his life.
    His story, “The Car Smasher,” appeared in the first edition of the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous, and outlined the four-step program he recommended:

First: Have a real desire to quit.
Second: Admit you can’t. (This is the hardest.)
Third: Ask for His ever-present help.
Fourth: Accept and acknowledge this help.

He later rewrote his story, which was retitled “He Had To Be Shown,” for the second and third editions of the Big Book.

---

^* “The Car Smasher” begins with, “During the first week of March 1937,… I ended 20 years of a life made practically useless [by drinking].” In contrast, the second-to-last paragraph of “He Had To Be Shown” states, “On Sunday when I came to, it was a bad, wet, snowy day in February 1937…”. Weather records for Akron in February 1937 indicate that temperature ranges were likely too high and precipitation too low for any Sunday to be described as “a bad, wet, snowy day,” except for the 28th. Therefore, I conclude that the Sunday Paul referred to in “He Had To Be Shown” must have been the 28th.

In 1942, the Columbus (Ohio) Group split into two groups. Fourteen members left to establish the Central Group at the Odd Fellows Temple, located at 24 W. Goodale St. This new group decided to install a phone and set up an office at the temple for Twelfth Step calls. Additionally, the Central Group was responsible for printing one of the earliest A.A. newsletters.

In 1942, Ruth Hock [far left] left the New York City Alcoholic Foundation office to marry Phil Crocelius; Margaret “Bobbie” B. [near left] took her place as National Secretary, A.A.’s second and last. Bobbie had been a professional dancer in the U.S. and Europe during the 1920s and, as Ruth noted, in the fashion of the 1940s, wore “tiny little hats and went tripping along in her high heels, but was a fantastic communicator.”

In 1947, the Naugatuck (Connecticut) Daily News reported that Edward McDermott, the executive director of Easy Acres in Newtown, a state sanitarium for neurotics, spoke at a meeting of the Waterbury Junior Club on the topic of “Alcoholism and Alcoholics Anonymous.”